{"id":2168,"date":"2026-01-27T10:58:40","date_gmt":"2026-01-27T06:58:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iemtindia.com\/?p=2168"},"modified":"2026-01-27T10:58:42","modified_gmt":"2026-01-27T06:58:42","slug":"%e0%ae%87%e0%ae%a8%e0%af%8d%e0%ae%a4%e0%ae%bf%e0%ae%af-%e0%ae%a8%e0%ae%b5%e0%af%80%e0%ae%a9-%e0%ae%95%e0%ae%b2%e0%af%8d%e0%ae%b5%e0%ae%bf%e0%ae%af%e0%ae%bf%e0%ae%a9%e0%af%8d-%e0%ae%ae%e0%af%81","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/iemtindia.com\/?p=2168","title":{"rendered":"\u0b87\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0baf \u0ba8\u0bb5\u0bc0\u0ba9 \u0b95\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bc1\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0ba9\u0bcb\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b92\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bcd: \u0b85\u0bb2\u0bc6\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bbe\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bb0\u0bcd \u0b9f\u0b83\u0baa\u0bcd (Alexander Duff)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><strong>\u0ba8\u0bc7\u0ba4\u0bbe\u0b9c\u0bbf<\/strong> \u0bae\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd <strong>\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0bb5\u0bc7\u0b95\u0bbe\u0ba9\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bb0\u0bcd<\/strong> &#8211; \u0b86\u0b95\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bcb\u0bb0\u0bcd \u0b87\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0bb2\u0bc2\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bc1\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0ba9\u0bbe\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bbe\u0ba3\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/iemtindia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Whisk_dacd2537913d757923543af03b2a2ab0dr.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"559\" src=\"https:\/\/iemtindia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Whisk_dacd2537913d757923543af03b2a2ab0dr-1024x559.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2169\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iemtindia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Whisk_dacd2537913d757923543af03b2a2ab0dr-1024x559.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/iemtindia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Whisk_dacd2537913d757923543af03b2a2ab0dr-300x164.jpg 300w, https:\/\/iemtindia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Whisk_dacd2537913d757923543af03b2a2ab0dr-768x419.jpg 768w, https:\/\/iemtindia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Whisk_dacd2537913d757923543af03b2a2ab0dr.jpg 1408w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0b85\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0bae\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bae\u0bcd<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1<strong>9-\u0b86\u0bae\u0bcd \u0ba8\u0bc2\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bbe\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd<\/strong> \u0b87\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0baf \u0b95\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0bb5\u0bbf \u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bb2\u0bbe\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bb2\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bc8 \u0b8f\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0baf \u0b90\u0bb0\u0bcb\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bbf\u0b95 \u0bae\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bae\u0bbe\u0ba9\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bcd \u0bb8\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbe\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0bb2\u0bbe\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc8\u0b9a\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0bc7\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4 <strong>\u0b85\u0bb2\u0bc6\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bbe\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bb0\u0bcd \u0b9f\u0b83\u0baa\u0bcd<\/strong> <strong>(1806\u20131878).<\/strong> \u0b95\u0bbf\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0bb8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bb5 \u0bae\u0bbf\u0bb7\u0ba9\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbe\u0b95 \u0b87\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbe\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1 \u0bb5\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbe\u0bb2\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd, \u0b87\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bcd \u0bb5\u0bbf\u0ba4\u0bc8\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4 <strong>&#8220;\u0ba8\u0bb5\u0bc0\u0ba9 \u0b86\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0b95\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0bb5\u0bbf&#8221;<\/strong> \u0bae\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd <strong>&#8220;\u0b85\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0bbf\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0ba9\u0bc8&#8221;<\/strong> \u0b87\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0baf \u0b9a\u0bae\u0bc2\u0b95\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bc6\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bbe\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bc8 \u0b8f\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0baf\u0ba4\u0bc1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>1. \u0b86\u0bb0\u0bae\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b95\u0bbe\u0bb2 \u0bb5\u0bbe\u0bb4\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc8 \u0bae\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0bc1\u0ba3\u0bbf\u0b9a\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bb2\u0bbe\u0ba9 \u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bc8<\/strong><br>\u0bb8\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbe\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0bb2\u0bbe\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd <strong>1806-\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b86\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1 \u0baa\u0bbf\u0bb1\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4 \u0b85\u0bb2\u0bc6\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bbe\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bb0\u0bcd \u0b9f\u0b83\u0baa\u0bcd<\/strong>, \u0b9a\u0bc6\u0baf\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bcd \u0b86\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0bb0\u0bc2\u0bb8\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb2\u0bc8\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb4\u0b95\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0baa\u0baf\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bcd. <strong>1830-\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b86\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1 \u0ba4\u0ba9\u0ba4\u0bc1 24-\u0bb5\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0bb5\u0baf\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b87\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbe\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1\u0baa\u0bcd \u0baa\u0baf\u0ba3\u0bae\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bc7\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bca\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bcd.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0bb5\u0bb4\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b87\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bcd \u0baa\u0baf\u0ba3\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0bc6\u0baf\u0bcd\u0ba4 \u0b95\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0bb5\u0bbf\u0baa\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0bb3\u0bbe\u0b95\u0bbf \u0bae\u0bc2\u0bb4\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbf\u0baf\u0ba4\u0bc1. \u0ba4\u0ba9\u0ba4\u0bc1 <strong>\u0b89\u0b9f\u0bc8\u0bae\u0bc8\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd<\/strong> \u0bae\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd <strong>800-\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bc7\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f \u0b85\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0baf \u0baa\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0b95\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bc8 \u0b87\u0bb4\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbe\u0bb2\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd,<\/strong> \u0b89\u0baf\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bbf\u0bb4\u0bc8\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0bb5\u0bc6\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bcb\u0b9f\u0bc1 \u0b95\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0b95\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbe\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bb0\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bc7\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bcd. \u0b87\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0ba4\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0bc1\u0ba3\u0bbf\u0b9a\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bb2\u0bc7 \u0b85\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0baa\u0bbf\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbe\u0bb2\u0baa\u0bcd \u0baa\u0ba3\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1 \u0b85\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bb3\u0bae\u0bbe\u0b95 \u0b85\u0bae\u0bc8\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0ba4\u0bc1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/iemtindia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Whisk_202c9ec9dc4bd8e99164641008dbc849dr-1.jpeg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"559\" src=\"https:\/\/iemtindia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Whisk_202c9ec9dc4bd8e99164641008dbc849dr-1-1024x559.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2170\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iemtindia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Whisk_202c9ec9dc4bd8e99164641008dbc849dr-1-1024x559.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/iemtindia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Whisk_202c9ec9dc4bd8e99164641008dbc849dr-1-300x164.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/iemtindia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Whisk_202c9ec9dc4bd8e99164641008dbc849dr-1-768x419.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/iemtindia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Whisk_202c9ec9dc4bd8e99164641008dbc849dr-1.jpeg 1408w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>2. \u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bb2\u0bbe\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0baa\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0ba9\u0ba3\u0bbf:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0bb2\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bc7\u0bb0\u0bbf<\/strong> \u0bae\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd <strong>\u0b95\u0bbf\u0bb4\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbf\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0baf \u0b95\u0bae\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bc6\u0ba9\u0bbf<\/strong>,<br><strong>\u0b85\u0bb2\u0bc6\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bbe\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bb0\u0bcd \u0b9f\u0b83\u0baa\u0bcd<\/strong> \u0b87\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbe\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1 \u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0ba4\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1 \u0bae\u0bc1\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc8\u0baf \u0b9a\u0bc2\u0bb4\u0bb2\u0bc8 \u0b85\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bca\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0bb5\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0b85\u0bb5\u0b9a\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bae\u0bcd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>* \u0bb5\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0bb2\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bc7\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0ba8\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bc8 (1793):<\/strong> \u0bb5\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0bb2\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bc7\u0bb0\u0bbf \u0b87\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbe\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1 \u0bb5\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0baa\u0bcb\u0ba4\u0bc1, <strong>\u0b95\u0bbf\u0bb4\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbf\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0baf \u0b95\u0bae\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bc6\u0ba9\u0bbf \u0bae\u0bbf\u0bb7\u0ba9\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bc8 \u0b89\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0bb3\u0bc7 \u0b85\u0ba9\u0bc1\u0bae\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0bb2\u0bc8<\/strong>. \u0bae\u0ba4\u0bae\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bb0\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bbe\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0bb5\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbe\u0baa\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bae\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bbe\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b8e\u0ba9 \u0b85\u0b9e\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bb0\u0bcd. \u0b8e\u0ba9\u0bb5\u0bc7, \u0b95\u0bc7\u0bb0\u0bbf \u0b86\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bc7\u0baf\u0bb0\u0bcd \u0b86\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bae\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0bb2\u0bbe\u0ba4 <strong>&#8216;\u0b9a\u0bc6\u0bb0\u0bbe\u0bae\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bc2\u0bb0\u0bcd&#8217; (\u0b9f\u0bc7\u0ba9\u0bbf\u0bb7\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bbe\u0bb2\u0ba9\u0bbf)<\/strong> \u0baa\u0b95\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbf \u0bae\u0bb1\u0bc8\u0bae\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bae\u0bbe\u0b95\u0baa\u0bcd \u0baa\u0ba3\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbe\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1 \u0bb5\u0bc7\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0ba4\u0bc1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>* 1813 \u0b9a\u0bbe\u0b9a\u0ba9\u0b9a\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bae\u0bcd (The Charter Act):<\/strong> <strong>1813-\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b86\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1<\/strong> \u0b87\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bbe\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0baa\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bbe\u0bb3\u0bc1\u0bae\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b87\u0baf\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0baf \u0b9a\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bbf, \u0bae\u0bbf\u0bb7\u0ba9\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bc2\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0bb5\u0bae\u0bbe\u0b95 \u0b87\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbe\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0bb5\u0bb0 \u0b85\u0ba9\u0bc1\u0bae\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0ba9\u0bb0\u0bcd. \u0b87\u0ba4\u0ba9\u0bbe\u0bb2\u0bcd <strong>1830-\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0bb5\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4 \u0b85\u0bb2\u0bc6\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bbe\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bb0\u0bcd \u0b9f\u0b83\u0baa\u0bcd,<\/strong> <strong>\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0bb2\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bc7\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bc8\u0baa\u0bcd<\/strong> \u0baa\u0bcb\u0bb2\u0ba4\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0bb2\u0bc8\u0bae\u0bb1\u0bc8\u0bb5\u0bbe\u0b95 \u0b87\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbe\u0bae\u0bb2\u0bcd, \u0b95\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0b95\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbe \u0ba8\u0b95\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bc8\u0baf\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b95\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bc7\u0baf\u0bc7 \u0ba4\u0bc1\u0ba3\u0bbf\u0b9a\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bb2\u0bbe\u0b95\u0baa\u0bcd \u0baa\u0ba3\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbe\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1 \u0bae\u0bc1\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0ba4\u0bc1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0bb2\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bc7\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bc1\u0b9f\u0ba9\u0bbe\u0ba9 \u0ba8\u0bc6\u0b95\u0bbf\u0bb4\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbe\u0ba9 \u0ba8\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bc1:<\/strong><br><strong>\u0b9f\u0b83\u0baa\u0bcd<\/strong> \u0b95\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0b95\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbe \u0bb5\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0baa\u0bcb\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0bae\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bbe\u0ba9 \u0bb5\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0bb2\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bc7\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bc8\u0b9a\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bcd. \u0b95\u0bc7\u0bb0\u0bbf \u0bb5\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bbe\u0bb0 \u0bae\u0bca\u0bb4\u0bbf \u0b95\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd <strong>(Vernacular)<\/strong>,<strong> \u0b9f\u0b83\u0baa\u0bcd \u0b86\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0b95\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd<\/strong> \u0bae\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbf\u0baf\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bca\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbe\u0bb2\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd, \u0b87\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b92\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bc8 \u0b92\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bcd \u0bae\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0ba9\u0bb0\u0bcd. <strong>\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0bb2\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bc7\u0bb0\u0bbf<\/strong> \u0ba4\u0ba9\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0bae\u0bb0\u0ba3\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b87\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0baa\u0bcb\u0ba4\u0bc1<strong> \u0b9f\u0b83\u0baa\u0bcd<\/strong> \u0b85\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bc8\u0b9a\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0b9a\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0bc6\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bcd. \u0b85\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bcb\u0ba4\u0bc1<strong> \u0b95\u0bc7\u0bb0\u0bbf \u0b95\u0bc2\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0baf \u0bb5\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc8\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd<\/strong> \u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bb2\u0bbe\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bca\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0bb3\u0ba9:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>> <strong>&#8220;\u0bae\u0bbf\u0bb8\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bb0\u0bcd \u0b9f\u0b83\u0baa\u0bcd! \u0ba8\u0bbe\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b87\u0bb1\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4 \u0baa\u0bbf\u0bb1\u0b95\u0bc1, \u0ba4\u0baf\u0bb5\u0bc1\u0b9a\u0bc6\u0baf\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0b9f\u0bbe\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bb0\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bc7\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bc8\u0baa\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0baa\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bc7\u0b9a\u0bbe\u0ba4\u0bc0\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd, \u0b9f\u0bbe\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bb0\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bc7\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b87\u0bb0\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0b95\u0bb0\u0bc8\u0baa\u0bcd (\u0b95\u0b9f\u0bb5\u0bc1\u0bb3\u0bc8\u0baa\u0bcd) \u0baa\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bbf \u0bae\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bc7\u0b9a\u0bc1\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd.&#8221;<\/strong><br>><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/iemtindia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Gemini_Generated_Image_acwwo1acwwo1acww.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1152\" height=\"768\" src=\"https:\/\/iemtindia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Gemini_Generated_Image_acwwo1acwwo1acww-edited.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2172\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iemtindia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Gemini_Generated_Image_acwwo1acwwo1acww-edited.png 1152w, https:\/\/iemtindia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Gemini_Generated_Image_acwwo1acwwo1acww-edited-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/iemtindia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Gemini_Generated_Image_acwwo1acwwo1acww-edited-1024x683.png 1024w, https:\/\/iemtindia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Gemini_Generated_Image_acwwo1acwwo1acww-edited-768x512.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1152px) 100vw, 1152px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>3. \u0b95\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0baa\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bc1\u0bb0\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bbf \u0bae\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0bb0\u0bbe\u0b9c\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bbe\u0bae\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bcb\u0b95\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0bb0\u0bbe\u0baf\u0bcd<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0b85\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbe\u0bb2\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bbf\u0bb4\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbf\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0baf \u0b95\u0bae\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bc6\u0ba9\u0bbf <strong>\u0b9a\u0bae\u0bb8\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bae\u0bcd<\/strong> \u0bae\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd <strong>\u0baa\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0b9a\u0bc0\u0b95\u0b95\u0bcd<\/strong> \u0b95\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bc7 \u0b86\u0ba4\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0ba4\u0bc1. \u0b86\u0ba9\u0bbe\u0bb2\u0bcd, <strong>&#8220;\u0b87\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0ba8\u0bb5\u0bc0\u0ba9 \u0b89\u0bb2\u0b95 \u0b85\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0bb5\u0bc8\u0baa\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bc6\u0bb1 \u0b86\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0b95\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0bb5\u0bbf \u0b85\u0bb5\u0b9a\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bae\u0bcd&#8221;<\/strong> \u0b8e\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1 <strong>\u0b9f\u0b83\u0baa\u0bcd<\/strong> \u0b89\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbe\u0b95 \u0ba8\u0bae\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bcd&#8230;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>* \u0bb0\u0bbe\u0b9c\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bbe\u0bae\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bcb\u0b95\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0bb0\u0bbe\u0baf\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b86\u0ba4\u0bb0\u0bb5\u0bc1:<\/strong> \u0b87\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0b9a\u0bc0\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bb5\u0bbe\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbe\u0ba9 <strong>\u0bb0\u0bbe\u0b9c\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bbe\u0bae\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bcb\u0b95\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0bb0\u0bbe\u0baf\u0bcd, <\/strong>\u0b86\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0b95\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b85\u0bb5\u0b9a\u0bbf\u0baf\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc8 \u0b89\u0ba3\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bcd.<strong> \u0b9f\u0b83\u0baa\u0bcd<\/strong> \u0baa\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0bb3\u0bbf \u0ba4\u0bca\u0b9f\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95 \u0b87\u0b9f\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bbf\u0b9f\u0bc8\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbe\u0ba4\u0baa\u0bcb\u0ba4\u0bc1, \u0ba4\u0ba9\u0ba4\u0bc1 <strong>&#8216;\u0baa\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bae\u0bcd\u0bae \u0b9a\u0bae\u0bbe\u0b9c&#8217;<\/strong> \u0bb5\u0bb4\u0bbf\u0baa\u0bbe\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0bb2\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bc7 \u0bb5\u0b95\u0bc1\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bb1\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bbe\u0b95 \u0bae\u0bbe\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bca\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bcd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>* \u0baa\u0bc8\u0baa\u0bbf\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bc8:<\/strong> \u0baa\u0bb3\u0bcd\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bc8\u0baa\u0bbf\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bcb\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b8e\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1 <strong>\u0b9f\u0b83\u0baa\u0bcd<\/strong> \u0b95\u0bc2\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0baf\u0baa\u0bcb\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0bae\u0bbe\u0ba3\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0baf\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bb0\u0bcd. \u0b85\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bcb\u0ba4\u0bc1 <strong>\u0bb0\u0bbe\u0b9c\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bbe\u0bae\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bcb\u0b95\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0bb0\u0bbe\u0baf\u0bcd<\/strong>, &#8220;\u0b85\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbe\u0b95\u0baa\u0bcd \u0baa\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bc1\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd.<strong> \u0b9f\u0bbe\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bb0\u0bcd \u0bb9\u0bcb\u0bb0\u0bb8\u0bcd \u0bb5\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0ba9\u0bcd<\/strong> \u0baa\u0bc1\u0bb0\u0bbe\u0ba3\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bc8\u0baa\u0bcd \u0baa\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0b87\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0bbe\u0b95 \u0bae\u0bbe\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0b9f\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0bb2\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bc7? \u0ba8\u0bc0\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0baa\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bc1\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd&#8221; \u0b8e\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1 \u0bae\u0bbe\u0ba3\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bc8\u0b9a\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0bae\u0bbe\u0ba4\u0bbe\u0ba9\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf \u0bb5\u0b95\u0bc1\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bbf\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1 \u0b85\u0ba9\u0bc1\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bcd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>4. \u0bb8\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbe\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0bb7\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0bb2\u0bc2\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0baa\u0bb2 \u0bae\u0bbe\u0ba3\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd<\/strong><br><strong>1830 \u0b9c\u0bc2\u0bb2\u0bc8 13-\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b9f\u0b83\u0baa\u0bcd<\/strong> \u0b85\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bbe\u0bb2\u0bcd <strong>&#8216;\u0b9c\u0bc6\u0ba9\u0bb0\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b85\u0b9a\u0bc6\u0bae\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bbf\u0bb3\u0bbf\u0bb8\u0bcd \u0b87\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb8\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bc2\u0bb7\u0ba9\u0bcd&#8217;<\/strong> (\u0ba4\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bcb\u0ba4\u0bc8\u0baf \u0bb8\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbe\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0bb7\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0bb2\u0bc2\u0bb0\u0bbf &#8211; Scottish Church College) \u0ba4\u0bca\u0b9f\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0ba4\u0bc1. \u0b87\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbe\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bbf\u0b95\u0b9a\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bbf\u0bb1\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4 \u0b86\u0bb3\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bc8\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0b87\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bbe\u0ba9\u0bcd \u0b89\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0bbe\u0ba9\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>* \u0b9a\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0bbe\u0bae\u0bbf \u0bb5\u0bbf\u0bb5\u0bc7\u0b95\u0bbe\u0ba9\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bb0\u0bcd:<\/strong> \u0b87\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bcd \u0b87\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1 \u0b87\u0bb3\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb2\u0bc8 (B.A.) \u0baa\u0baf\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bcd. \u0b87\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0bb2\u0bc2\u0bb0\u0bbf <strong>\u0bae\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bcd \u0bb5\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0bb2\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bae\u0bcd \u0bb9\u0bc7\u0bb8\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bbf<\/strong> \u0bb5\u0b95\u0bc1\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bb1\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0bb5\u0bc7\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0bb8\u0bcd\u0bb5\u0bca\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0ba4\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bc8 \u0ba8\u0b9f\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bcb\u0ba4\u0bc1 <strong>&#8220;\u0b86\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0bae \u0baa\u0bb0\u0bb5\u0b9a\u0bae\u0bcd&#8221;<\/strong> <strong>(Trance)<\/strong> \u0baa\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bc1\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bbf\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bcd. <strong>&#8220;\u0b87\u0ba4\u0bc8 \u0ba8\u0bc7\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bbe\u0ba3 \u0bb5\u0bc7\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bbe\u0ba9\u0bbe\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bbf\u0ba3\u0bc7\u0bb8\u0bcd\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0bc6\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1 \u0bb0\u0bbe\u0bae\u0b95\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0bb7\u0bcd\u0ba3\u0bb0\u0bc8\u0baa\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd&#8221;<\/strong> \u0b8e\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1 \u0b95\u0bc2\u0bb1\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bcd. \u0b87\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0bc7 <strong>\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0bb5\u0bc7\u0b95\u0bbe\u0ba9\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bb0\u0bcd \u0bb0\u0bbe\u0bae\u0b95\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0bb7\u0bcd\u0ba3 \u0baa\u0bb0\u0bae\u0bb9\u0bae\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bb0\u0bc8\u0b9a\u0bcd<\/strong> \u0b9a\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95 \u0bae\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbf\u0baf \u0b95\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0ba3\u0bae\u0bbe\u0b95 \u0b85\u0bae\u0bc8\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0ba4\u0bc1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>* \u0ba8\u0bc7\u0ba4\u0bbe\u0b9c\u0bbf \u0b9a\u0bc1\u0baa\u0bbe\u0bb7\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb0 \u0baa\u0bcb\u0bb8\u0bcd:<\/strong> \u0baa\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0b9a\u0bbf\u0b9f\u0bc6\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bbf \u0b95\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0bb2\u0bc2\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0ba8\u0bc0\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f \u0baa\u0bbf\u0bb1\u0b95\u0bc1, <strong>\u0ba8\u0bc7\u0ba4\u0bbe\u0b9c\u0bbf <\/strong>\u0b87\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0bb2\u0bc2\u0bb0\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0bc7\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1 <strong>1918-\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bb2\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd (Philosophy)<\/strong> \u0bae\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0bb5\u0b95\u0bc1\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0bc7\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bbf \u0baa\u0bc6\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bcd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>5. \u0b9a\u0bae\u0bc2\u0b95\u0baa\u0bcd \u0baa\u0ba3\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bcb\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bbe\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>* \u0b95\u0bc0\u0bb4\u0bcd\u0ba8\u0bcb\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbf\u0baa\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bb0\u0bb5\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bcb\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bbe\u0b9f\u0bc1 (Downwards Filtration Theory): \u0b9f\u0b83\u0baa\u0bcd<\/strong> \u0b89\u0baf\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1\u0b9f\u0bbf \u0bae\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1 \u0bae\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bb2\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bc8 \u0bb5\u0bb4\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bbe\u0bb2\u0bcd, \u0b85\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0b85\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bcd \u0bae\u0bc2\u0bb2\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0bbe\u0bae\u0bbe\u0ba9\u0bbf\u0baf \u0bae\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0bc6\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1 \u0b9a\u0bc7\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b8e\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1 \u0ba8\u0bae\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bcd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>* \u0baa\u0bc6\u0ba3\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0bb5\u0bbf \u0bae\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b9a\u0bae\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1\u0bb5\u0bae\u0bcd:<\/strong> \u0b85\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbe\u0bb2\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b95\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b8e\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1 \u0bae\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd <strong>\u0baa\u0bc6\u0ba3\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbe\u0b95\u0b95\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bc1\u0bb0\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bca\u0b9f\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bcd.<\/strong> <strong>\u0b9a\u0ba4\u0bbf (\u0b89\u0b9f\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0b95\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bc8 \u0b8f\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bb2\u0bcd) \u0b92\u0bb4\u0bbf\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0bbf\u0b9f\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bb3\u0bc1\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0ba9\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0bae\u0bc1\u0bb4\u0bc1 \u0b86\u0ba4\u0bb0\u0bb5\u0bc8 \u0bb5\u0bb4\u0b99\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bcd.<\/strong> <strong>\u0b9a\u0bbe\u0ba4\u0bbf \u0bb5\u0bc7\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0baa\u0bbe\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bbf <\/strong>\u0b85\u0ba9\u0bc8\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0b92\u0bb0\u0bc7 \u0bb5\u0b95\u0bc1\u0baa\u0bcd\u0baa\u0bb1\u0bc8\u0baf\u0bbf\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b85\u0bae\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0b95\u0bb1\u0bcd\u0baa\u0ba4\u0bc8 \u0b89\u0bb1\u0bc1\u0ba4\u0bbf \u0b9a\u0bc6\u0baf\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bcd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/iemtindia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/4.-Alexander-Duff-missnory-YT.00_03_32_24.Still003.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" src=\"https:\/\/iemtindia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/4.-Alexander-Duff-missnory-YT.00_03_32_24.Still003-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2173\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iemtindia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/4.-Alexander-Duff-missnory-YT.00_03_32_24.Still003-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/iemtindia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/4.-Alexander-Duff-missnory-YT.00_03_32_24.Still003-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/iemtindia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/4.-Alexander-Duff-missnory-YT.00_03_32_24.Still003-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/iemtindia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/4.-Alexander-Duff-missnory-YT.00_03_32_24.Still003-1536x864.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/iemtindia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/4.-Alexander-Duff-missnory-YT.00_03_32_24.Still003-358x200.jpg 358w, https:\/\/iemtindia.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/4.-Alexander-Duff-missnory-YT.00_03_32_24.Still003.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0bae\u0bc1\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0bb5\u0bc1\u0bb0\u0bc8<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0b85\u0bb2\u0bc6\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bbe\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bb0\u0bcd 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<strong>\u0b85\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0b95\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0bb5\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bc2\u0b9f\u0bae\u0bc7,<\/strong> \u0b85\u0bb5\u0bb0\u0ba4\u0bc1 \u0b9a\u0bae\u0bc2\u0b95\u0baa\u0bcd \u0baa\u0ba3\u0bbf\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd \u0ba4\u0bca\u0bb2\u0bc8\u0ba8\u0bcb\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1\u0baa\u0bcd \u0baa\u0bbe\u0bb0\u0bcd\u0bb5\u0bc8\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b95\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd <strong>\u0b95\u0bbe\u0bb2\u0ba4\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbe\u0bb2\u0bcd \u0b85\u0bb4\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bbe\u0ba4<\/strong> \u0b9a\u0bbe\u0ba9\u0bcd\u0bb1\u0bbe\u0b95\u0bc1\u0bae\u0bcd.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"\u0b85\u0bb2\u0bc6\u0b95\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bbe\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bb0\u0bcd \u0b9f\u0b83\u0baa\u0bcd\ud83c\udf93\ud83d\udcda\ud83c\uddee\ud83c\uddf3\u2728\u0b87\u0ba8\u0bcd\u0ba4\u0bbf\u0baf 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